Choosing the right student loan is one of the most important decisions you'll make when planning for college. As a first-time borrower, you need to understand how different loan options can impact your financial future. Student loans can help make your education goals a reality, but picking the wrong one could lead to unnecessary debt or stress down the road.
There are two main types of student loans you need to know about—federal and private loans. Federal loans are offered by the government and often come with flexible repayment plans. Private loans, on the other hand, are offered by banks or other private lenders and could be a good option for covering costs not covered by federal aid. Knowing the benefits and risks of each will help you make an informed decision.
Whether you're just starting to research or deep in the process, we're here to help you make smart, confident financial decisions for your future.
Federal and Private Student Loans
Federal Student Loans
Federal student loans are the best place to start when funding your education after scholarships, grants and other forms of federal financial aid. They’re backed by the government, which means they offer fixed interest rates and more flexible repayment options as compared to private loans. Federal student loans also don’t require a credit check to qualify for them. Here are the two main types of federal student loans available to high school seniors in:
Direct Subsidized Loans
Direct Subsidized Loans are designed for students who are determined to have financial need. The government pays the interest on these loans while you’re enrolled in school at least half-time, during your grace period, and during authorized deferments. These loans are especially helpful because they don’t accrue interest while you’re in school, lightening your financial burden after graduation.
Direct Unsubsidized Loans
Unlike Subsidized Loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans don’t require you to demonstrate financial need. They’re available to all eligible students, but you’ll be responsible for the interest as soon as the loan is disbursed—even while you’re in school. For first-year undergraduate students, there are combined loan limits for both Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans, usually capped at $5,500 to $9,500 depending on your dependency status. These loans are a good option if you don’t qualify for need-based aid but still need additional funds to cover your education costs.
By focusing on federal loans first, you’ll likely find more manageable and affordable options to support your education.
Private Student Loans
When it comes to private student loans, you’ll find several top lenders offering flexible and reliable options to help you cover costs beyond what federal aid provides. Here are some standout private student loan options for high school seniors:
Choosing the right private loan can give you the financial support you need while keeping your future repayment manageable and stress-free. Take time to compare these options and see which one fits your needs best.
Pros and Cons of Student Loan Options for First-Time Borrowers
When you're borrowing for the first time to pay for college, it’s important to understand the differences between federal and private student loans. Each has its own set of advantages and potential drawbacks, and choosing the right one for your situation can make a big difference in how you manage your education expenses.
Federal vs. Private Loans
Federal Loans
- Offer fixed interest rates, so your payments are predictable over time.
- Provide long-term repayment flexibility, including income-driven repayment plans and forgiveness options.
Private Loans
- May require a co-signer, which could help if you don’t have a strong credit history.
- Can include tailored repayment options, giving you more control over how and when you make payments.
First-Time Borrower Considerations
Benefits of Federal Loans
- Income-driven repayment plans adjust your payments based on your income, making it easier to manage costs straight out of school.
- Forgiveness options, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, can reduce the total amount you owe under qualifying circumstances.
Risks with Private Loans
- Variable interest rates can cause your payments to increase unexpectedly.
- Without a co-signer or strong credit score, it might be harder to get approved or you may face higher interest rates.
- There are limited options to postpone your student loan payments if needed.
Pros and Cons of Each Loan Type
Federal Loans Pros
- Subsidized loans do not accrue interest while you’re in school and enrolled at least half-time, reducing the overall cost.
- More accessible for students with limited or no credit history.
Federal Loans Cons
- Loan limits may not cover the full cost of attendance, requiring you to explore other funding options.
- Limited to U.S. citizens or eligible non-citizens.
Private Loans Pros
- Faster disbursement, which can help if you have unexpected costs or miss financial aid deadlines.
- Some lenders allow for customized repayment schedules based on your future income goals.
Private Loans Cons
- Higher interest rates, especially for borrowers with no co-signer or low credit scores.
- Lack of federal protections, such as deferment or forgiveness programs.
- These loans are more difficult to qualify for if you don’t meet income and credit requirements.
Taking the time to compare your options and understanding the long-term impact of your choices is critical. Start with federal loans when you can, but if you need additional funding, research private lenders thoroughly to find the one that best fits your needs.
More on Cosigners for Private Student Loans
When it comes to private student loans, having a cosigner can make a huge difference. But what exactly is a cosigner? A cosigner is someone, like a parent, guardian, or another trusted adult, who agrees to take responsibility for your student loan if you can’t make the payments. Essentially, they’re sharing the financial risk with you, which helps lenders feel more secure about giving you the loan.
Why Do You Need a Cosigner
Many high school seniors don’t have enough credit history or income to qualify for a private student loan on their own. That’s where a cosigner comes in. By having someone with a solid financial background cosign for you, you’re more likely to get approved for the loan and even snag a lower interest rate. This makes the loan more affordable over time.
How a Cosigner Can Help
A cosigner with good credit and a strong credit history can work wonders for your loan application. Lenders look at your cosigner’s credit score and credit history to decide if they should approve your loan. If your cosigner has excellent credit, you’re more likely to qualify for better loan terms, like lower interest rates. This can save you a lot of money in the long run.
Where to Find a Cosigner
You’ll want to start by reaching out to close family members, like parents or grandparents, as they’re usually the most willing to help. Trusted family friends or mentors may also be options. Keep in mind that asking someone to be a cosigner is a big deal—it’s a financial commitment, so they need to fully understand what they’re agreeing to. For example, as a cosigner, they are just as responsible to ensure the loan is repaid as you are. So, it may be wise to have a plan or agreement about the responsibility of repayment.
Why Your Cosigner Needs Good Credit
Lenders primarily rely on your cosigner’s credit score and credit history to assess their financial reliability. A cosigner with good credit reflects a lower risk for the lender, which can mean better loan conditions for you. That’s why it’s crucial to choose someone who has a strong credit history and has kept up with their financial obligations.
Other Considerations Beyond Creditworthiness
A good cosigner is more than just someone with a strong credit score. They should also have sufficient income to cover their own living expenses and the potential student loan payments. Lenders may examine their debt-to-income (DTI) ratio, which shows how much of their monthly income goes toward debt. A lower DTI ratio means they’re in a better position to cosign for your loan. It’s all about demonstrating to the lender that your cosigner has enough financial capacity to take on this additional responsibility.
What Is a Cosigner Release and Why You Might Want One
A cosigner release allows you to remove your cosigner from the loan agreement after you’ve met certain conditions, like making a set number of on-time payments and/or improving your own credit score. This can be a big relief to your cosigner, as it frees them from financial responsibility for your loan. When comparing private student loans, look for lenders that offer a cosigner release option—it’s a great way to protect your relationship and reward your cosigner for helping you out.
By understanding the role of a cosigner and choosing the right person, you can set yourself up for financial success while keeping your support network strong.
First Step to Getting a Loan: Fill Out the FAFSA in Fall of Senior Year
Filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) is the first and most important step in securing financial aid for college. It’s your gateway to federal loans, grants, and even some scholarships.
Who Is Eligible to Fill Out the FAFSA?
Almost anyone planning to attend college can fill out the FAFSA. To qualify, you need to meet these basic requirements among others:
- Be a U.S. citizen or eligible non-citizen.
- Have a valid Social Security number.
- Have a high school diploma or equivalent.
- Be enrolled or accepted for enrollment in an eligible degree or certificate program.
What You Need to Complete the FAFSA
Before starting, gather these key items to make the process smoother:
- An FSA ID, which is your username and password to complete the online application.
- Your Social Security number.
- Your driver’s license or state ID (if applicable).
- Tax documents, W-2 forms, and other records of income (yours and your parents’).
- Bank statements and records of investments (if applicable).
- The list of schools you're applying to (you can list up to 10).
FAFSA Deadlines
The FAFSA typically opens on October 1st of your senior year in high school, and it’s important to complete it as soon as possible. Each state and college may have their own financial aid deadlines, but federal aid applications are due by June 30th of the academic year you’re applying for. Check with your specific college for priority deadlines.
How to Fill Out the FAFSA Form
- Create an FSA ID – You and your parent will each need an FSA ID to log in, sign, and submit the FAFSA.
- Visit the FAFSA Website – Go to studentaid.gov to get started.
- Provide Your Information – Enter personal details and financial information (yours and your parents’) exactly as it is on your tax forms.
- List Colleges – Add the schools you’re considering applying to—they’ll use your FAFSA information to create your financial aid package.
- Sign and Submit – Use your FSA ID to sign. Double-check everything before hitting “Submit” to avoid delays.
What to Do After Submitting the FAFSA
- Review Your Student Aid Report (SAR): This will summarize the information you submitted and include your Student Aid Index (SAI).
- Correct Any Errors: If you spot a mistake, log back in and fix it.
- Follow Up with Schools: Make sure the colleges you listed have received your FAFSA.
- Wait for Your Financial Aid Offers: Schools will send you your aid packages, outlining loans, scholarships, and grants.
Why Submitting the FAFSA Early Is Important
Submitting early can increase your chances of receiving aid since some programs have limited funds and are awarded on a first-come, first-served basis. Start early and be thorough—it’s worth the effort to maximize your financial aid opportunities.
Accepting Federal Student Loans
When it comes to paying for college, federal student loans are often the best option for loans because they offer fixed interest rates and more flexible repayment terms than private loans. To get started with federal student loans, you’ll first need to understand your financial aid award letter and the steps to accept the loans.
What Is a Financial Aid Award Letter
Your financial aid award letter is a document you’ll receive after being accepted to a college and submitting your FAFSA. This letter explains the financial aid you’re eligible for, including grants, scholarships, work-study opportunities, and federal loans. It’s an important tool that helps you figure out how much the school will cost and how you can pay for it.
How to Read the Financial Aid Award Letter
Reading your financial aid award letter can feel overwhelming at first, but breaking it down step by step makes it easier:
- Focus on the Total Cost - Look for the school’s total cost of attendance, which includes tuition, fees, room and board, books, and other expenses.
- Review the Free Money - Grants and scholarships don’t have to be paid back, so note these amounts first.
- Check for Work-Study - Work-study programs provide part-time jobs to help you earn money for school.
- Understand Loans - Federal student loans will be listed, including the types (subsidized or unsubsidized, or PLUS) and maximum amounts you can borrow.
- Compare Costs - Subtract the free money (grants and scholarships) from the total cost to see what’s left. This is the amount you might need to cover with loans, savings, or other aid.
How to Accept Federal Student Loans
Once you’ve reviewed your award letter and decided to accept federal loans, you’ll need to follow a series of steps to complete the process. It’s simple and straightforward:
- Log Into Your Student Aid Account - Visit the Federal Student Aid website (studentaid.gov) and log in using your FSA ID and password.
- Review Your Loan Offer - Check the loan amounts offered in your financial aid award letter and ensure you only borrow what you need.
- Accept or Decline Each Loan - Go to your school’s financial aid portal, where you can accept, decline, or adjust the loan amounts. Most schools will give you the option to accept partial amounts if you don’t need the full loan.
- Complete Entrance Counseling - Before borrowing a federal student loan type for the first time, you’ll need to complete online entrance counseling to ensure you understand your responsibility as a borrower.
- Sign a Master Promissory Note (MPN) - This is a legal document where you agree to repay the loan and any associated interest or fees. You’ll sign the MPN electronically and it will be valid for up to 10 years
- Wait for Disbursement - Your loan funds will be sent directly to your school to pay for tuition and fees. Any leftover money will be refunded to you for other education-related expenses.
By following these steps, you’ll set yourself up for success in managing federal student loans. Remember, only borrow what you truly need and keep track of your loan details to avoid surprises later on.
When to Consider Private Student Loans
Private student loans can be a good choice, but only after you’ve used up all other forms of financial aid. This includes scholarships, grants, work-study programs, and even appeals for more financial aid from your school. Federal student loans should also be your first option, however, if there’s still a gap between your total cost of attendance and the aid you’ve received, private student loans might help fill that gap.
It’s important to know the implications of private loans before applying. Unlike subsidized federal loans, interest on private loans begins accruing immediately, which increases the total amount you’ll owe over time. Private loans will also have fewer repayment options and often lack the forgiveness programs or payment flexibility you might find with federal loans. Make sure to fully understand the terms and weigh all your options before deciding.
How to Apply for Private Student Loans
If you decide to go ahead with a private student loan, follow these steps to apply:
- Determine How Much You Need: Start by calculating the exact amount of money needed to cover your remaining college expenses. Only borrow what you truly need, as you’ll be paying it back with interest.
- Research Lenders: Compare different private lenders to find favorable interest rates, repayment terms, and borrower benefits. Look at reviews and use online comparison tools for detailed breakdowns.
- Check Your Credit Score: Private lenders will require a credit check. Strong credit, or a creditworthy cosigner, can help you secure better rates.
- Gather Financial Information: Be prepared with personal and financial documents, such as your social security number and proof of income. If using a cosigner, you’ll need their details too.
- Fill Out the Application: Complete the lender's application form carefully, entering your information and the amount you want to borrow. Many applications can be done online within minutes.
- Provide Supporting Documents: Submit any additional documentation the lender requests, such as school enrollment information or cost breakdowns.
- Review the Loan Terms: Carefully read the loan agreement, paying attention to the interest rate, repayment start date, and any fees.
- Sign the Loan Agreement: Once you’re satisfied with the terms, sign the agreement and submit it to the lender.
- Wait for Approval: The lender will review your application and notify you of their decision. Approval times can vary, but most lenders aim for a quick turnaround.
- Receive & Use the Funds: Once approved, the funds are typically sent directly to your school to cover tuition and fees. If there’s any leftover money, it will be refunded to you for other education-related expenses.
By following this process and staying informed, private loans can effectively bridge the gap in college funding—but always remember to borrow responsibly.
Expert Tips for Responsible Borrowing
When it comes to taking out student loans, it’s important to borrow responsibly to avoid unnecessary financial stress down the road. Here are some expert tips to help you make the best choices:
Borrow Only What You Need
It might be tempting to take out the full loan amount offered to you, but it’s important to think long-term. Every dollar you borrow now increases the total amount you’ll have to repay later, including the interest that accrues over time. To avoid unnecessary debt, take the time to thoroughly calculate your essential expenses. This includes tuition, fees, books, housing, transportation, and other living costs. Once you tally those numbers, only borrow what’s absolutely necessary to cover these essentials. If you need some guidance, your school’s financial aid office can help you estimate costs and determine how much of the loan you actually need.
Understand the Impact of Interest Rates
Interest rates may seem like just a number, but over time, they critically impact the amount you’ll owe. Federal student loans generally come with fixed interest rates that are lower than the variable rates of many private loan options, giving them a significant advantage. However, keep in mind that interest begins accruing as soon as your loan is disbursed, even if you’re still in school. This means that the less you borrow now, the less interest you’ll owe later. Consider paying attention to interest rate details and think about how much more your initial loan amount could grow if left unchecked during your repayment years.
Create a Repayment Plan Now
Your future self will thank you if you start planning your repayment strategy while you’re still in school. You don’t need to wait until graduation to think about repaying loans—getting organized early can make a big difference. Begin by calculating how much you’ll need to earn after graduation to comfortably cover your estimated monthly payments. Resources like loan repayment calculators can provide a helpful glimpse into what to expect. If possible, consider working part-time during school to make small payments toward your loan’s interest. Even these minor contributions can reduce what you owe in the long run and ease your financial burden post-graduation.
Being mindful about how much you borrow and staying informed will help you take control of your financial future.